Hepatic Vitamin A Concentrations and Association with Infectious Causes of Child Death

Objectives: To assess postmortem vitamin A (VA) concentrations in children under 5 years of age and evaluate the association between VA deficiency (VAD) and infectious causes of death (CoD). Study design: In this cross-sectional study from the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) Network, liver biopsies collected within 72 hours of death were analyzed from 405 stillbirths and children under 5 years in Kenya and South Africa. Total liver VA (TLVA) concentrations were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography, and cutoffs of <= 0.1 mu mol/g, >0.1 to <0.7 mu mol/g, >= 0.7 to <1.0 mu mol/g, and >= 1.0 mu mol/g were used to define VAD, adequate VA status, high VA, and hypervitaminosis A, respectively. CoD were determined by expert panel review. Results: Among 366 liver samples with viable extraction, pooled prevalences of VAD, adequacy, high VA, and hypervitaminosis were 34.2%, 51.1%, 6.0%, and 8.7%, respectively. VAD was more common among neonates compared with stillbirths, infants, or children, and among those with low birthweight (LBW), underweight, or stunting (P < .05). When adjusting for site, age, and sex, there was no significant association of VAD with increased infectious CoD (OR 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9, 3.8, P = .073). In stratified analyses, VA deficient boys, but not girls, had an increased risk of infectious CoD (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.3, 10.3, P = .013). Conclusions: Definitive postmortem assessment of VA status identified both VAD and VA excess among children under 5 years of age in Kenya and South Africa. VAD in boys was associated with increased risk of infectious mortality. Our findings may inform a transition from universal VA supplementation (VAS) to targeted strategies in certain countries.