Oxalic acid enhanced removal of heavy metal and pesticide by peroxymonosulphate activation with a green biochar iron composite: Reactivity and mechanism

Nowadays, clean-up of heavy metals and pesticides from environment has received great attention. A green biochar iron composite (PC-ZVI) was successfully synthesized using pomelo peel residues and FeCl3 solution. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was introduced into the PC-ZVI system for Cr(VI) and atrazine (AE) removal, and results showed that PMS greatly promoted Cr(VI) and AE removal. The presence of oxalic acid (OA) could maintain a relatively high dissolved Fe2+ species for Cr(VI) reduction and AE oxidation in the PC-ZVI/PMS process. The contribution order of reactive oxygen species followed as HO center dot > SO4 center dot- greater than1O(2) > O-2(center dot-) in both Cr(VI) and AE removal by PC-ZVI/PMS/OA process. A total of six intermediates products of AE degradation were detected, and AE molecular was effectively degraded into CO2, H2O, inorganic N and Cl through hydroxylation, substitution and de-alkylation processes. The underlying mechanism of Cr(VI) and AE removal by PC-ZVI/PMS/OA process was also proposed. Most Cr(VI) species were transformed into Cr2O3 and Cr(OH)(3) through reduction and precipitation processes. PC-ZVI has a relatively high recyclability toward both Cr(VI) and AE removal from solutions. The potential toxicity of PC-ZVI solution was small at three PC-ZVI dosages levels, and the corresponding toxicity of AE reaction solution by PC-ZVI/PMS/OA process decreased as reaction time increased. The order of both Cr(VI) and AE removal in different water systems was tap water > river water > lake water > wastewater, and this PC-ZVI/PMS/OA process exhibited the better adaptability in application for several actual water environments.