Free surface oblique liquid jet impinging on a flat surface: Towards improved understanding of flow structures and heat transfer

We present a numerical study of inclined jet impingement on a heated flat surface. Previous research on such configuration focused on peak heat transfer rate and its location on the impingement surface. However, for the inclined jet, it is still unresolved whether the peak heat transfer rate location coincides with the stagnation point or not. Present investigation tries to resolve these locations, their importance, and their relevance to wall shear stress distribution and turbulence fluctuations. We carried out a numerical study using Scale Adaptive Simulation (SAS). Volume of Fluid (VOF) method was employed to capture the liquid-air interface. We used a circular pipe with an inner diameter of 6 mm to produce a fully developed jet. The inclination angle varied from 45 degrees to 0 degrees (in the interval of 15 degrees), where 0 degrees is the orthogonal jet case. The numerical study was validated by comparing numerical findings with experimental data. It was found that locations of stagnation point and peak heat transfer locations are distinct. Shear stress distribution at the impingement surface is vital in determining peak heat transfer location. Also, increased turbulence fluctuations near the impact cause sharp variations in the Nu profile for the inclined jet.