Release of Microplastics to the Environment Through Wastewater Treatment Plants: Study on Four Types of Wastewater Treatment Processes

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are one of the most important ways of releasing microplastics (MPs) into the environment. In this study, the size, number, color, and shape of MPs during the wastewater treatment process were investigated in six WWTPs with different processes, which include WWTPs A and B (activated sludge process, ASP), WWTP C and D (aerated lagoon, AL), WWTP E (sequencing batch reactor process, SBR), and WWTP F (stabilization pond, SP). The MP particles were detected by the polarized light microscopy. In all six WWTPs, the clear color was observed as the dominant color in the effluent. Among the forms of MPs, fibers had the highest removal efficiency in WWTPs A (97.3%), B (99.2%), C (95.5%), and D (94.3%). In both WWTPs E and F, the highest removal rate of MP shapes was related to films (96.1%) and granules (86.1%), respectively. MPs with size 25–125 μm had the highest amount (0.39 to 4.08 MP/L) in the effluent of WWTPs compared to larger sizes. With respect to the type of the wastewater treatment process, the number of MPs during the treatment process decreased from 3.75–25.31 to 0.51–6.28MP/L. Based on the results of this study, ASP with a removal rate of 91.87% had the highest efficiency compared to other processes. However, daily 4.95 × 10 4 to 1.49 × 10 8 MP enter the environment via the effluent of these WWTPs. The study recommends reducing the use of MPs and plasticizers in widely used products as much as possible and replacing them with nature-friendly materials. Graphical Abstract