On the structure of buoyant fires with varying levels of fuel-turbulence

This paper employs a novel burner to study the effects of fuel-generated turbulence on the spatial and temporal structure of buoyant turbulent diffusion flames which are representative of large fires. Fuelturbulence levels are increased using a perforated plate that issues high-velocity jets, enabling shearing of the fuel stream. The perforated plate may be recessed to control the turbulence level at the jet exit plane. It is shown that the exit plane axial velocity fluctuations can be increased from 0.135 m/s to 1.813 m/s. Varying the levels of fuel-turbulence in the burner allows for the control of key processes defining buoyant fires such as the spatial and temporal flame structure and flame instability modes. These processes are characterised by high-speed simultaneous imaging of planar laser-induced fluorescence of the OH radical (OH-PLIF) and Mie scattering from soot particles. Increasing the fuel-turbulence level deforms the flame, which promotes non-radial lateral entrainment into the flame sheet. This results in a sharp increase in the tilting of the near-field flame sheet along the vertical flame axis. Strong angular entrainment forces are shown to overcome the diffusive and thermal expansive forces at the flame neck, which leads to a strained asymmetric sinuous flame pinch-off instability, followed by separation of the flame base. Sinuous pinch-off instabilities occur at a greater frequency than the symmetric varicose pinch-off instabilities observed for flames with low fuel-turbulence. The asymmetric stretching of the flame neck inhibits the formation of the classical puffing instability formed with an axisymmetric plume that defines classically buoyant flames. Probability density functions calculated for the flame front curvature and flame surface area are shown to monotonically broaden in the near-field region of the flame due to lateral entrainment effects. The transition to buoyancy-driven turbulence also shifts to an increasingly more upstream location. This burner, with its well-defined boundary conditions and novel data, forms a platform for advancing capabilities to model complex fire phenomena including turbulence-buoyancy interactions.& COPY; 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )