A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Language Intervention for Parents of Preterm Infants and 2-Year Language Outcomes

Objective To test whether a neonatal intensive care unit-based language curriculum for families with preterm in-fants enhances the language environment and postdischarge Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID)-III language and cognitive scores. Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted with infants born at <= 32 weeks assigned to a parent-driven language intervention or health-safety lessons (controls). Recordings of adult word counts (AWC), conversational turns, and child vocalizations were captured at 32, 34, and 36 weeks. Primary outcomes included 2-year BSID-III language and cognitive scores. Results We randomized 95 infants; 45 of the 48 intervention patients (94%) and 43 of the 47 controls (91%) with 32 recordings were analyzed. The intervention group had higher AWCs (rate ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.05-2.19; P = .03) at 36 weeks, increased their AWCs between all recordings, and had lower rates of 2-year receptive language scores <7 (10% vs 38%; P < .02). The intervention was associated with 80% decreased odds of a language composite score of <85 (aOR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.05-0.78; P = .02), and 90% decreased odds of a receptive score of <7 (0.10; 95% CI, 0.02-0.46; P = .003); there was no association found with cognitive scores. Increases in AWC and conver-sational turns between 32 and 36 weeks were independently associated with improved 2-year BSID-III language scores for both study groups. Conclusions Short-term parent-driven language enrichment in the neonatal intensive care unit contributes to increased AWCs at 36 weeks and improved 2-year language scores. In adjusted analyses, increases in conversa-tional turns and AWCs at 36 weeks were independently associated with improved language scores. This low-cost, easily implemented intervention can potentially help to mitigate speech delays among preterm infants. (J Pediatr 2024;264:113740).