The Evolution of Crop-Based Materials in the Built Environment: A Review of the Applications, Performance, and Challenges

The use of bio-based building materials as an alternative to replacing concrete or insulation materials is called to become a growing trend in the construction industry. On Science direct, publications concerning "bio-based materials" have increased from 4 in 2002 to 1073 twenty years later, demonstrating a growing interest in these materials However, among bio-based materials, crop or plant-based materials are not as popular. Due to their relative novelty, little is known about their potential applications, physical characteristics, and environmental impacts. The aim of this review is to qualitatively investigate the technical and environmental viability of crop-based materials in modern building applications. The specific objectives of the study consider greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches, contribution to the circular economy, and physical and hygrothermal characteristics. Another objective is to examine the progress of crop-based materials' R & D, current bottlenecks, and a future roadmap for their evolution in state-of-the-art renewable buildings. The paper is broad enough to capture a large readership rather than experts in the domain. The review reveals that crop-based materials have the potential to replace traditional, highly emissive building materials. They offer low environmental impacts, in all stages of their life cycle.