Moon’s high-energy giant-impact origin and differentiation timeline inferred from Ca and Mg stable isotopes

Mass-dependent stable isotopic variations recorded in lunar samples provide novel resolution to the formation and differentiation history of the Moon. In this study, we report new high-precision Ca-isotope measurements for lunar rocks and minerals. Ca-isotope data and modeling of the lunar magma ocean together demonstrate indistinguishable mass-dependent Ca isotopic compositions of the bulk silicate Earth and Moon. This implied Earth-Moon isotope equilibration is consistent with the Moon’s high-energy giant-impact (Synestia) origin and not readily compatible with the traditional giant-impact models. Moreover, a cross-comparison between Ca and Mg isotopic data for an important anorthosite sample (60025) consistently clarifies its formation near the completion of the lunar magma ocean crystallization. Therefore, the various existing radiometric dating for 60025 sets the lunar magma ocean to have fully solidified by either 4.51 or 4.38 billion years ago, constraining the two respective lunar differentiation timescales to <30 (short-lived) or ~130–150 (long-lived) million years.