Temperature effects on hard carbon derived from sawdust as anode materials for sodium ion batteries

Background: Electrochemical energy storage devices, namely batteries, are vital in reducing greenhouse gas secretions and are reliable alternatives to fossil fuel-based electrical energy storage systems. Thus, hard carbon (HC) is one of the most promising sustainable materials in the energy storage sector. Methods: This study assembled sodium ion cells using sawdust powder resource-derived HC as an anode for sodium ion storage. We studied the effects of calcination temperature for the first time. Ball-milled and acidwashed sawdust powders were prepared by calcination at different temperatures. The characterization and electrochemical analyses of the HC synthesized at different temperatures were performed. Significant findings: We found that the ratios of C = O and the micro/meso pore size distributions in HCs corresponded highly to the sodium ion storage performance. The half-cell, HC1200 (at 1200 degrees C) exhibited the highest reversible capacity of 320 mAh/g after 200 cycles at 0.5 A/g. The Na3V2(PO4)3(NVP)//HC1200 pouch-type full cells showed superior capacity retention of 96.7% and a coulombic efficiency of 98.9% after 400 cycles. The assynthesized biomass carbon derived from sawdust powder is a potential anode material for sodium ion batteries.