Physics-informed deep generative learning for quantitative assessment of the retina

Disruption of retinal vasculature is linked to various diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration, leading to vision loss. We present here a novel algorithmic approach that generates highly realistic digital models of human retinal blood vessels based on established biophysical principles, including fully-connected arterial and venous trees with a single inlet and outlet. This approach, using physics-informed generative adversarial networks (PI-GAN), enables the segmentation and reconstruction of blood vessel networks that requires no human input and out-performs human labelling. Our findings highlight the potential of PI-GAN for accurate retinal vasculature characterization, with implications for improving early disease detection, monitoring disease progression, and improving patient care. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.