Development and Characterization of Nanovesicles Containing Phenolic Compounds of Carissa spinarum: Encapsulation, Release Kinetics, Antimicrobial Activity and Mathematical Modeling

Liposomes loaded with Carissa spinarum polyphenols (nanoliposomal CsP) were prepared by the ethanol-solvent injection method and characterized in terms of zeta potential, size, and polydipersity index by using a Zeta sizer and Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis (FTIR). Total phenolic content was measured by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and entrapment efficiency was evaluated. The release behavior was conducted in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution at pH, 7.4 with a kinetic model fitted to evaluate the mechanism of release. A disc diffusion sensitivity test was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of free extract and nanoliposomal CsP. The mean diameter of nanoliposomal CsP was 181 & PLUSMN; 1.02 nm and had a 0.345 & PLUSMN; 0.014 polydipersity index. The zeta potential value for nanoliposomal CsP was -45.6 & PLUSMN; 8.84 mV. Entrapment efficiency under the optimum conditions was 66.11 & PLUSMN; 1.11%. and the nanoliposomal CsP was stable over 30 days. The antibacterial activity of nanoliposomal CsP exhibited inhibition zone diameters of 14.33 & PLUSMN; 1.53 mm and 12.00 & PLUSMN; 1.23 mm against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The results reveal the Carrisa spinarum liposome can be applied as a potential carrier for the delivery of polyphenols to improve therapeutic action against bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize a delivery system for polyphenols from an extract of Carissa spinarum leaves, based on liposomes.