Mechanical and Thermal Forcings of Asian Large-Scale Orography on Spring Cloud Amount and Atmospheric Radiation Budget over East Asia

Asian large-scale orography profoundly influences circulation in the North Hemisphere. Considerable spring top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiative cooling over Southeast China (SEC) is very likely related to upstream orog-raphy forcing. Here we investigate the mechanical and thermal forcings of Asian large-scale orography, particularly the Tibetan Plateau (TP), on downstream East Asian cloud amount and atmospheric radiation budget during March-April us-ing the Global Monsoons Model Intercomparison Project simulations. The thermal forcing drives significant surface heat-ing and a low-level cyclone over the TP, pumping low-level air to the middle troposphere. Ascent and water vapor convergence triggered by the thermal forcing favor air condensation, low-middle clouds, and resultant strong spring cloud radiative cooling over SEC. Moreover, the thermal forcing moves the position of cloud radiative cooling westward toward the TP. The TP's blocking role weakens low-level westerlies over SEC, but its deflecting role increases downstream high-level westerlies, dynamically favoring cloud formation over SEC and the eastward ocean. In addition, the TP can force as-cent and increase cloud amounts over the western and central TP. The thermal forcing contributes to 57.1% of total cloud amount and 47.6% of TOA cloud radiative cooling induced by the combined orography forcing over SEC while the me-chanical one accounts for 79.4% and 95.8% of the counterparts over the ocean to the east of SEC. Our results indicate that Asian large-scale orography shapes the contemporary geographical distribution of spring East Asian cloud amount and at-mospheric radiation budget to a large extent.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Clouds tied to large-scale topography and circulation exhibit some remarkable geographical distributions. The global strongest cloud radiative cooling, with an intensity of up to-90 W m-2, occurs over Southeast China (SEC) during March-April. The primary purpose of this study is to understand the in-fluences of Asian large-scale orography, particularly the Tibetan Plateau (TP), on this unique climatic phenome-non using the latest climate model simulations. Our results show that Asian large-scale orography forcing significantly increases ascent, low-middle cloud formation, and resultant strong spring cloud radiative cooling over SEC and downstream ocean. The sensible-heat-driven air pump induced by the TP's thermal forcing maintains strong cloud radiative cooling over SEC. This study provides valuable insights that link Asian large-scale orogra-phy forcing to downstream cloud-radiation characteristics.