Primary Prevention Defibrillators in Elderly Persons: How Old Is Too Old?

Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is a process of transferring metabolically produced electrons to electron acceptors like electrodes via electrically active microbial organisms. The process is crucial in a variety of applications like bioremediation processes and bioenergy generation from devices like microbial fuel cells. Recent research has confirmed the bidirectional electron transfer property of some electrically active microbes where they can effectively reverse their respiratory pathway to accept electrons from electron donors. This property has successfully been employed in microbial electrosynthesis of value-added chemicals in systems like microbial electrosynthesis (MES) by accepting electrons from a negatively charged electrode. However, bidirectional electron transfer is a slow process that can also be easily hindered by poor electric connections thus affecting MES performance. Several attempts have been made over the past years to enhance the bidirectional EET process. This chapter presents a brief introduction and the recent advance made in an attempt to improve EET.