Bone health, body composition and physical fitness dose-response effects of 16 weeks of recreational team handball for inactive middle-to-older aged males - a randomised controlled trial.

In this study we aimed . Fifty-four men (67.5 ± 4.2 years, stature 168.8 ± 6.2 cm; body mass 78.4 ± 10.7 kg; fat mass 27.1 ± 5.3%; BMI 27.4 ± 2.9 kg/m; VO 27.3 ± 4.8  mL/min/kg) were randomized into three intervention groups (TH1, n = 13; TH2, n = 15; or TH3, n = 12, performing 1, 2 and 3 weekly 60-min training sessions, respectively), and a control group (CG, n = 14). The training sessions consisted mainly of RTH matches played as small-sided and formal game formats (4v4, 5v5, 6v6 or 7v7) with adapted rules. Matches' mean and peak heart rate (HR) ranged from 78-80% and 86-89%HR, respectively, and distance covered from 4676-5202 m. A time x group interaction was observed for (P1NP), (OC), (CTX), sclerostin, upper and lower body dynamic strength, right arm fat mass, left and right leg and android total mass (TM; 0.047) with the greatest effects being shown for TH2 and TH3 groups. Post-intervention group differences were observed in CTX, left arm and right leg TM (TH3˃TH1), P1NP (TH2˃CG), OC, right arm TM (TH3˃CG), upper (CG˂TH1, TH2 and TH3) and lower body dynamic strength (CG˂TH1 and TH3) (0.047). RTH was effective in enhancing bone health, body composition and physical fitness in middle-to-older aged males, especially for the intervention groups that performed 2-3 weekly training sessions. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT0529551. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT0529551.. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05295511..