Streptomyces development is involved in the efficient containment of viral infections.

The formation of plaques represents the hallmark of phage infection visualizing the clearance of the bacterial lawn in structured environments. In this study, we have addressed the impact of cellular development on phage infection in undergoing a complex developmental life cycle. Analysis of plaque dynamics revealed, after a period of plaque size enlargement, a significant regrowth of transiently phage-resistant mycelium into the lysis zone. Analysis of mutant strains defective at different stages of cellular development indicated that this regrowth was dependent on the onset of the formation of aerial hyphae and spores at the infection interface. Mutants restricted to vegetative growth (Δ) featured no significant constriction of plaque area. Fluorescence microscopy further confirmed the emergence of a distinct zone of cells/spores with reduced cell permeability towards propidium iodide staining at the plaque periphery. Mature mycelium was further shown to be significantly less susceptible to phage infection, which is less pronounced in strains defective in cellular development. Transcriptome analysis revealed the repression of cellular development at the early stages of phage infection probably facilitating efficient phage propagation. We further observed an induction of the chloramphenicol biosynthetic gene cluster highlighting phage infection as a trigger of cryptic metabolism in . Altogether, our study emphasizes cellular development and the emergence of transient phage resistance as an important layer of antiviral immunity.