Role of depositional and diagenetic controls on reservoir quality of complex heterogenous tidal sandstone reservoirs: An example from the Lower Goru formation, Middle Indus Basin, Southwest Pakistan

The Lower Goru Formation, one of the key hydrocarbon development targets in Pakistan's Middle Indus Basin, offers a unique opportunity to investigate the role of depositional and diagenetic controls on reservoir quality in complex stratigraphic traps. An integrated approach, including thin-section petrography, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), helium porosity, and permeability measurements, was used to analyze the Lower Goru Formation in three gas-producing fields. Based on petrographic interpretation, the sandstones are quartzarenite, sublitharenite, subarkose, and less commonly, litharenite. High permeability and high porosity reservoirs are associated with well-sorted and medium-grained sandstones. Main diagenetic processes include compaction, carbonate cementation, authigenic chlorite and quartz overgrowth. Authigenic chlorite, and quartz cementation were the principal reservoir quality controlling factors. Well-developed chlorite coatings preserved porosity and inhibited quartz cementation. Good quality reservoirs (average porosity: 17%; average permeability: 96 mD) are restricted to tidal channels and tidal inlet in the prograding shoreface environments. Transgressive and tidally reworked deposits show moderate porosity and very low permeability (average porosity: 9.5%; average permeability: 0.07 mD). Middle shoreface and bioturbated storm sands have low porosity and very low permeability (average porosity: 8.7%; average permeability: 0.9 mD) and are considered tight reservoirs. The quality of the studied reservoirs depends on quartz overgrowth, chlorite coating, carbonate cementation and minor detrital clay. Secondary porosity is associated with partial to complete dissolution of feldspar, volcanic rock fragments (VRF), biotite, chamosite ooids, and bioclast grains. This integrated work would be helpful for exploration and field development plans in the stratigraphic traps of the Middle Indus Basin and would lead to new exploration targets, i.e., tight and low permeability reservoirs. The study provides insight into the complex interplay between depositional facies and diagenesis in controlling reservoir quality in the Lower Goru Formation and similar depositional conditions and trapping mechanisms elsewhere.