Selective transformation of biomass-derived substrates to 1,2-butanediol: A comprehensive review and new insights

The conversion of biomass-derived substrates to 1,2-butanediol (1,2-BDO) is an important process for biomass valorization, but the low yield of 1,2-BDO and unclear reaction pathways and catalytic mechanisms hinder its development. To address these challenges, this review proposes that generating C4 intermediates and transforming them to 1,2-BDO are two critical procedures for enhancing the yield of the target product. It is suggested that the specific functional catalysts should be designed to facilitate these two steps and inhibit side reactions, thus achieving progress in yield. Considering the possible presence of multiple intermediates in the reaction process, innovative approaches and rational detection methods are put forward to reveal the pathways of 1,2-BDO production. Specifically, potential reaction pathways are proposed, stepwise advancement and feedback should be guided to compare the product distributions and model molecules during the conversion process, and combined with specific detection methods such as isotopic exchange method and situ on-line Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to clarify the pathways. According to the reaction characteristics, adjusting the Brønsted to Lewis acid ratios, base strength, oxidation state, and combined with theoretical calculations to reveal the mechanisms that promote the formation of the target product and inhibit side reactions. Research breakthroughs in transforming biomass-derived substrates to 1,2-BDO with these approaches are anticipated.