Small-scale processes with large-scale impacts: Investigating canopy structure controls on energy fluxes to the forest snowpack

<p>Forest canopies strongly affect snowpack energetics during wintertime. In discontinuous forest stands, spatio-temporal variations in radiative and turbulent fluxes create complex snow distribution and melt patterns, with further impacts on the hydrological regimes and on the land surface properties of seasonally snow-covered forested environments.</p><p>As increasingly detailed canopy structure datasets are becoming available, canopy-induced energy exchange processes can be explicitly represented in high-resolution snow models. We applied the modelling framework FSM2 to obtain spatially distributed simulations of the forest snowpack in subalpine and boreal forest stands at high spatial (2m) and temporal (10min) resolution. Modelled sub-canopy radiative and turbulent fluxes were compared to detailed meteorological data of incoming irradiances, air and snow surface temperatures. These were acquired with novel observational systems, including 1) a motorized cable car setup recording spatially and temporally resolved data along a transect and 2) a handheld setup designed to capture temporal snapshots of 2D spatial distributions across forest discontinuities.</p><p>The combination of high-resolution modelling and multi-dimensional datasets allowed us to assess model performance at the level of individual energy balance components, under various meteorological conditions and across canopy density gradients. We showed which canopy representation strategies within FSM2 best succeeded in reproducing snowpack energy transfer dynamics in discontinuous forests, and derived implications for implementing forest snow processes in coarser-resolution models.</p>