Attitudes Toward Cougar Restoration in Seven Eastern States

BACKGROUND Cougars ( Puma concolor ), also known as mountain lions, pumas, catamounts, and Florida panthers, once ranged widely throughout the United States ([McCollough, 2011][1]). Following intensive human persecution, anthropogenic-driven habitat loss, and unrestricted hunting of the prey species upon which cougars depend, populations were extirpated from much of the country ([Cardoza & Langolis, 2002][2]). In the northeastern U.S. specifically, cougars were functionally extinct by the early 1900s. Recent research assessing potential habitat for cougars suggests numerous areas exist to restore the species throughout portions of their historic eastern range ([Winkel et al., 2022][3]; [Yovovich et al., 2023][4]). But are the humans inhabiting this region today supportive of cougar restoration? STUDY OBJECTIVES The primary goal of this study was to make a preliminary assessment of support for cougar restoration at the state level in several states deemed to have substantial habitat for cougars (i.e., Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and West Virginia). Additionally, we sought to identify individual-level correlates of support for, and opposition to, cougar restoration. STUDY FINDINGS Results from an online survey of residents of seven eastern states with potential cougar habitat (n=2756) suggest that support for cougar restoration is much higher than opposition to cougar restoration. Ratios of strong support to strong opposition range from approximately 4:1 to 13:1. Maine has the highest ratio of strong support to strong opposition at 13:1, indicating that for every one person opposing cougar restoration in the state, we can expect 13 people to support it. Vermont and New Hampshire have the second highest ratio of strong support to strong opposition at 12:1 each. New York and Massachusetts have the second lowest ratio of strong support to strong opposition, at 5:1 each. West Virginia and Pennsylvania have the lowest ratio of strong support to strong opposition with ratios of 4:1, indicating that for every one person opposing cougar restoration in these states, we can expect 4 people to support it. Results also reveal that states with the lowest ratio of strong support to strong opposition tend to have the highest proportion of respondents expressing neutrality toward the idea of restoration. At the individual-level, support for cougar restoration was higher among men, respondents identifying “strongly” or “very strongly” as a hunter or a conservationist, those with mutualist wildlife value orientations, urban residents, and respondents identifying as politically liberal. IMPLICATIONS Given the current structure of wildlife management in the U.S., efforts to restore cougars throughout significant portions of their historic range will depend in large part on actions taken by state wildlife management agencies. Finding support for cougar restoration among many of the constituents for whom state wildlife agencies are expected to operate on behalf of – including both hunters and conservationists – this study offers valuable insights regarding the social feasibility of restoring cougars to the eastern U.S. Importantly, while a majority of respondents were supportive of cougar restoration, a considerable portion of the population in each state expressed neutrality toward the idea of cougar restoration. Extant research from the behavioral sciences suggests these individuals may be more likely to change their attitudes toward cougar restoration in response to new information. Whether any such change would result in greater support or greater opposition toward cougar restoration is likely dependent on several factors, including the way in which information regarding the potential risks and benefits of the species is presented ([Slagle et al., 2013][5]), as well as the source/messenger from which new information is provided (e.g., [Fielding et al., 2020][6]). COVER IMAGE Word cloud produced from survey participant responses to free association when they think of cougars. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. [1]: #ref-6 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-8 [4]: #ref-9 [5]: #ref-7 [6]: #ref-3