Role of soil microstructure on the emission of N2O in intact small soil columns

<p>N₂O emission in soils is a consequence of the activity of nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms and potentially abiotic processes. However, the <span>large</span> microscale variability of the soil characteristics that influence these processes and in particular the location of anoxic microsites, limits prediction efforts. Better understanding of denitrification activity on microscopic scales is required to improve predictions of N₂O emissions.</p><p>This study explored the role of soil microstructure on N₂O emission. To fulfill this objective we sampled 24 soil columns (5 cm diameter, 6 cm height) in the surface layer of a same plot in a cultivated soil (Luvisol, La Cage, Versailles, France). The soil samples were saturated with a solution of ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), and equilibrated at a matrix potential of -32 cm (pF 1.5). The emitted fluxes of N₂O were measured during 7 days. At the end of the experiment, the soil columns were scanned in a X-ray micro tomograph, at the University of Poitiers. A 32 &#181;m voxel resolution was achieved for the 3D reconstructed images.</p><p>In order to reduce noise and segment the 3D images, the same protocol was implemented for all columns. The reduction of noise consisted of passing a non-local mean filter, a non-sharp mask and a radial correction. Such combination of steps succeeded in removing both ring artifacts and the radial dependence of the voxel values. Due to the variety of material densities in the soil, a local segmentation based on the watershed method was implemented to classify the soil <span>constituents</span> in four <span>classes (based on its density value)</span>: air, water and organic matter (OM), soil matrix and minerals. This method is good for detecting thin pores and avoids missclassification of voxels undergoing partial volume effect, which can lead to false organic coatings around macropores.</p><p>The soil columns exhibited a large variability of accumulated N₂O after 7 days (from 107 to 1940 <span>&#181;gN kg</span>^{<span>-1</span>}<span> d.w. soil</span>). The size of OM clusters varied between a couple and up to t<span>housands</span> of voxels. No correlation was found between the emission of N₂O and the porosity, nor between the N₂O emission and the connectivity of the air phase. Based on the <span>premise</span> that the less accessible is the oxygen to the OM, the bigger should be the N₂O emission of the soil column, we proposed and computed a microscopic spatial descriptor, I_gd, based on the notion of the geodesic distance between <span>clusters</span> of OM and air for each soil column 3D image. We expect to find a correlation between I_gd and the <span>N</span>_{<span>2</span>}<span>O emission.</span></p>