An innovative methodology for locating ionosphere layer height: case study on 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and tsunami

<p>One of the main issues in GNSS ionosphere seismology is to localize the exact height of the single thin layer (H_ion) with which the ionosphere is approximated. H_ion is generally assumed to be the altitude of the maximum ionospheric ionization (hmF2), i.e., in the ionospheric F-layer. In this sense, H_ion is often&#160; be presumed from physical principles or ionospheric models. The determination of &#160;H_ionis, therefore, fundamental since it affects the coordinates of the ionospheric pierce point (IPP) and subsequentely of the sub-ionospheric pierce point (SIP).</p><p>In this work, we present a new developed methodology to determine the exact localization of H_ion. We tested this approach on the TIDs (Travelling ionospheric disturbances) connected with the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and tsunami [1]. In detail, we computed the slant Total Electron Content (sTEC) variations at different H_ion(in the range from 100 to 600 km) with the VARION (Variometric Approach for Real-Time Ionosphere Observation) algorithm [2,3], then we interpolated the different pattern in sTEC values related to different waves detected in the ionosphere (AGW_epi, IGW_tsuna and AW_Rayleigh) finding the mean velocity value of these waves. Subsequentely, the minimized difference between the estimated propagation velocity and the values from physical models fix us the correct H_ion.</p><p>Our results show a H_ionof 370 km, while ionopshere model IRI 2006 located the maximum of ionospheric ionization at an height of 270 km. This difference is important to understand how a different H_ion can impact on the location of the sTEC perturbation, affecting the shape and the extent of the source from TEC observations.</p><p>&#160;</p><p>&#160;</p><p>&#160;</p><p>&#160;</p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>[1] https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official20110311054624120_30/executive</p><p>[2] Giorgio Savastano, Attila Komjathy, Olga Verkhoglyadova, Augusto Mazzoni, Mattia Crespi, Yong Wei, and Anthony J Mannucci, &#8220;Real-time detection of tsunami ionospheric disturbances with a stand-alone gnss receiver: A preliminary feasibility demonstration, &#8221;Scientific reports, vol. 7, pp. 46607, 2017.</p><p>[3] Giorgio Savastano, Attila Komjathy, Esayas Shume, Panagiotis Vergados, Michela Ravanelli, Olga Verkhoglyadova, Xing Meng, and Mattia Crespi, &#8220;Advantages of geostationary satellites for ionospheric anomaly studies: Ionospheric plasma depletion following a rocket launch,&#8221;Remote Sensing, vol. 11, no. 14, pp. 1734, 2019</p>