Nanomaterials for molecular recognition: specific adsorption and regulation of nanozyme activities

Biosensors use biomolecules to recognize target analytes and many biosensors employ nanomaterials for signal transduction. In this review, a reverse design strategy is described. These sensors rely only on nanomaterials for target recognition; and in some sensors, biomolecules are employed for signal transduction. The first type relies on fluorescent nanomaterials and the specific binding of target analytes which can lead to a fluorescence change in nanomaterials. The second type is based on the regulation of the catalytic activity of nanozymes. The third type relies on an additional signal transduction molecule, such as a DNA oligonucleotide, adsorbed on the surface of nanomaterials. In this case, biomolecules are only used for signal transduction but do not play a role in target recognition. In the end, we also discuss some challenges associated with such designs including limited selectivity and susceptibility to interference. Future research opportunities include further mechanistic studies, the development of new ways to boost selectivity, and testing real samples.