Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics and the male reproductive system developmental effects

Aim: There is overwhelming evidence that prenatal exposure to environmental xenobiotics affects human development. Among birth disabilities, congenital deformities of the male reproductive system are among the most prevalent congenital malformations and correlate to impaired reproductive function. This review discusses the possible adverse effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and analgesics on the development of the male reproductive system. Main concepts covered: An increasing number of studies have suggested the potential role of environmental agents as risk factors in congenital deformities of the male reproductive system. Specific classes of xenobiotics (e.g., EDCs, NSAIDs, and analgesics) have been identified as potential risk factors for congenital disabilities of the male reproductive system. In particular, maternal exposure to chemicals during the critical time frame (8–14 gestational weeks) represents the most critical window of exposure for xenobiotics and impaired masculinization. Notably, the role of the placenta in transporting xenobiotics to fetal circulation and xenobiotic effects on placental function are elaborated. Moreover, the mechanisms of xenobiotics’ action on signaling pathways responsible for the masculinization of male genitalia are discussed.