Investigating transplantation as a mechanism for seagrass restoration in South Africa

The extent of seagrasses has declined globally, with restoration through transplantation seen as an important tool for reversing population loss, yet restoration studies for African seagrass species are scarce. This study investigated the use of different planting patterns (straight-line, compact, and star) and core sizes (11, 18, and 25 cm o) in transplanting ecotypes (intertidal and subtidal) in the predominantly open Knysna and temporarily closed Klein Brak estuaries in South Africa. Cores of the endangered seagrass, Zostera capensis, were transplanted in two experimental repeats per ecotype and core size along transects to investigate survival of plants post-transplant. No significant differences were observed among core sizes, patterns, or ecotypes in the Knysna Estuary, but cores with the compact pattern had better survival rates in the Klein Brak Estuary. Holes left by the smallest cores in donor sites recovered faster through sediment deposition compared to larger holes. Our study demonstrated that seagrass restoration in South Africa is challenging due to limited suitable habitats and strong environmental variability in estuarine ecosystems. It is important that careful consideration, including of genomic diversity and population structure, as well as ecological similarity between donor and recipient populations must be made for each restoration site when assessing its restoration potential. Effective "no-take bait zones" and upstream catchment management will be important for protecting potential donor meadows.