Laser In Situ Synthesis of Gradient Fe-Ti Composite during Direct Energy Deposition Process

The suitability of the direct energy deposition process of exothermic powders Fe-Ti in joining dissimilar metals to produce small parts of a complete shape for various applications is considered. The procedure of the direct energy deposition of commercial pure iron and titanium in various proportions and the modes of the process are described. Optical microscopy and SEM with EDX analysis, X-ray analysis, and microhardness measurements of laser-fabricated intermetallics are applied. Intermetallic compounds of FeTi, Fe2Ti, eutectoids, complex titanium oxides and nitrides, and iron carbides are found. Interlayer and trans-layer cracks and pores are observed. A microhardness growth from 150 HV to 900 HV was obtained for all samples due to the precipitation of brittle intermetallic phases in the gradient Fe-Ti system during the DED. The dispersion of microhardness values becomes significant in Ti-rich areas; there, pores and cracks are found. The revealed structure features are considered in relation to published results and explained. Increased concentrations of Ti to Ti + Fe = 3:1 on the Fe- and Fe + Ti -substrate with concentrations of Ti + Fe = 1:1 and Ti + Fe = 1:3 lead to increasing hardness and its distribution, but also increases in residual microstress. Recommendations are given to reduce the power during the direct energy deposition of titanium layers and to apply Fe-substrate, which can reduce residual stress, pores, and cracks.