Dynamic grid stability in low carbon power systems with minimum inertia

The power system transition to large penetrations of renewable generation has become a core target of decar-bonisation roadmaps in many countries. However, switching from synchronous to variable inverter-based re-sources has prompted technical concerns linked to the reduction in system inertia and short circuit levels. This may result in significant deviations in frequency and bus voltages during fault events. Hence, this paper provides a comprehensive review of power system stability challenges when integrating up to 100% inverter-based re-sources. The potential solutions from several enabling technologies (i.e., energy storage, controllable loads, wind, solar PV, etc.) are also assessed to mitigate anticipated issues. The review further details the role of grid codes and international standards in maintaining dynamic stability in power systems with extremely high up to 100% variable renewable generation. Finally, discussion and recommendation pathways are provided to inform in-dustries and accelerate a secure power system transition to meet Net Zero targets.