Multi-omics reveals that the host-microbiome metabolism crosstalk of differential rumen bacterial enterotypes can regulate the milk protein synthesis of dairy cows

Background Dairy cows’ lactation performance is the outcome of the crosstalk between ruminal microbial metabolism and host metabolism. However, it is still unclear to what extent the rumen microbiome and its metabolites, as well as the host metabolism, contribute to regulating the milk protein yield (MPY). Methods The rumen fluid, serum and milk of 12 Holstein cows with the same diet (45% coarseness ratio), parity (2–3 fetuses) and lactation days (120–150 d) were used for the microbiome and metabolome analysis. Rumen metabolism (rumen metabolome) and host metabolism (blood and milk metabolome) were connected using a weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) and the structural equation model (SEM) analyses. Results Two different ruminal enterotypes, with abundant Prevotella and Ruminococcus , were identified as type1 and type2. Of these, a higher MPY was found in cows with ruminal type2. Interestingly, [Ruminococcus] gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae (the differential bacteria) were the hub genera of the network. In addition, differential ruminal, serum and milk metabolome between enterotypes were identified, where the cows with type2 had higher L -tyrosine of rumen, ornithine and L -tryptophan of serum, and tetrahydroneopterin, palmitoyl- L -carnitine, S -lactoylglutathione of milk, which could provide more energy and substrate for MPY. Further, based on the identified modules of ruminal microbiome, as well as ruminal serum and milk metabolome using WGCNA, the SEM analysis indicated that the key ruminal microbial module1, which contains the hub genera of the network ( [Ruminococcus] gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae ) and high abundance of bacteria ( Prevotella and Ruminococcus ), could regulate the MPY by module7 of rumen, module2 of blood, and module7 of milk, which contained L -tyrosine and L -tryptophan. Therefore, in order to more clearly reveal the process of rumen bacterial regulation of MPY, we established the path of SEM based on the L -tyrosine, L -tryptophan and related components. The SEM based on the metabolites suggested that [Ruminococcus] gauvreauii group could inhibit the energy supply of serum tryptophan to MPY by milk S -lactoylglutathione, which could enhance pyruvate metabolism. Norank_f_Ruminococcaceae could increase the ruminal L -tyrosine, which could provide the substrate for MPY. Conclusion Our results indicated that the represented enterotype genera of Prevotella and Ruminococcus , and the hub genera of [Ruminococcus] gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae could regulate milk protein synthesis by affecting the ruminal L -tyrosine and L -tryptophan. Moreover, the combined analysis of enterotype, WGCNA and SEM could be used to connect rumen microbial metabolism with host metabolism, which provides a fundamental understanding of the crosstalk between host and microorganisms in regulating the synthesis of milk composition.