Ectopic Expression of PgF3 ' 5 ' H in Commercial Gypsophila paniculata Cultivar through Optimized Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation

Gypsophila paniculata is one of the most popular cut flowers in the world whose major cultivars are blooming white. As is well known, blue flowers could be generated via the overexpression of the gene encoding flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) in species that naturally lack it. In this study, we established the regeneration and a genetic transformation system for the commercial cultivar 'YX4' of G. paniculata and introduced the F3 ' 5'H of Platycodon grandiflorus (PgF3'5'H) successfully into 'YX4' using the established protocol. A total of 281 hygromycin (Hyg)-resistant plantlets were obtained, and 38 of them were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive, indicating a 13.5% transformation efficiency. Shoot apex without meristem was more suitable for explant due to its high regeneration capacity, and the supplement of thidiazuron (TDZ) provided the most efficient promotion of adventitious bud induction, whereas the supplement of 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) did not affect much. Additionally, the combination of 1 day (d) pre-culture, 5 d co-culture, 10 min infection, 30 mg center dot L-1 additional acetosyringone (AS) supplement, and 10 mg center dot L-1 Hyg selection formed the optimized system for 'YX4' transformation. This reliable and efficient agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the valuable commercial cultivar 'YX4' will contribute not only to the creation and improvement of G. paniculata cultivars, but also to the function research of genes associated with important ornamental traits.