Annotation and Information Extraction of a Consumer-Friendly Health Website for Enhancing Laboratory Test Reporting in Patient Portals

Viewing laboratory test results is patients’ most frequent activity when accessing patient portals, but lab results can be very confusing for patients. Previous research has explored various ways to present lab results, but few have attempted to provide tailored information support based on individual patient’s medical context. In this study, we collected and annotated interpretations of textual lab result in 251 health articles about laboratory tests from AHealthyMe.com. Then we evaluated transformer-based language models including BioBERT, ClinicalBERT, RoBERTa, and PubMedBERT for recognizing key terms and their types. Using BioPortal’s term search API, we mapped the annotated terms to concepts in major controlled terminologies. Results showed that PubMedBERT achieved the best F1 on both strict and lenient matching criteria. SNOMED CT had the best coverage of the terms, followed by LOINC and ICD-10-CM. This work lays the foundation for enhancing the presentation of lab results in patient portals by providing patients with contextualized interpretations of their lab results and individualized question prompts that they can, in turn, refer to during physician consults. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This work was supported by the Planning Grant of Florida State University Institute for Successful Longevity, National Library of Medicine grant R21LM013911, and partly by the University of Florida-Florida State University Clinical and Translational Science Award UL1TR001427 supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes All data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors.