Phage therapy of antibiotic-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae , opportunities and challenges from the past to the future

Klebsiella spp. is a commensal gram-negative bacterium and a member of the human microbiota. It is the leading cause of various hospital-acquired infections. The occurrence of multi-drug drug resistance and carbapenemase-producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing weighty contaminations is growing, and Klebsiella oxytoca is an arising bacterium. Alternative approaches to tackle contaminations led by these microorganisms are necessary as strains enhance opposing to last-stage antibiotics in the way that Colistin. The lytic bacteriophages are viruses that infect and rapidly eradicate bacterial cells and are strain-specific to their hosts. They and their proteins are immediately deliberate as opportunities or adjuncts to antibiotic therapy. There are several reports in vitro and in vivo form that proved the potential use of lytic phages to combat superbug stains of K . pneumoniae . Various reports dedicated that the phage area can be returned to the elimination of multi-drug resistance and carbapenemase resistance isolates of K . pneumoniae . This review compiles our current information on phages of Klebsiella spp. and highlights technological and biological issues related to the evolution of phage-based therapies targeting these bacterial hosts.