State of Gender-Based Microaggressions Among Surgeons and Development of Simulation Workshops for Addressing Microaggressions for Surgical Trainees and Students

Background: Microaggressions are statements or actions taken in a discriminatory manner. Microaggressions can be subtle or explicit, intentional or unintentional, but regardless of the type of microaggressions, it is important to identify and address them, as they are linked to physician burnout and add to levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence, quality, and impacts of gender-based microaggressions on surgeons and surgical trainees using simulation-based education. Further, we plan to iteratively develop more simulation sessions based on the findings of this study.Methods: We used simulation-based education to develop and implement microaggression scenarios. Those scenarios were performed by standardized patients (trained actors) who demonstrated the different microaggression situations previously seen at the workplace and wards. Published tools to address gender-based microaggressions were outlined in preparation (prebrief) for a discussion of recorded simulations. A debrief of developing potential resolutions as learners and future allies and how similar microaggressions may have been perpetuated in our own careers followed each scenario. Additionally, an 11-item survey was developed based on validated surveys of sexist and Microaggressions Experience and Stress Scale and disseminated through email listservs and social media links. Data collection occurred from November to December 2022.Results: When surveyed after the workshop, 100% of participants (n = 6) said that they would recommend this session to follow colleagues, and 100% completely agreed the content of the simulation was relevant to their future practice. Further, 100% of participants agreed or completely agreed that their ability to perform these tasks (addressing microaggressions) has improved after this course. Most respondents to the disseminated survey (n = 147) were vascular surgeons (95/147; 64.6%) and identified as White (93/147; 63.3%), and as women (142/147; 96.6%). Most were identified as targets of gender-based microaggressions (128/147; 87.1%) and or silent witnesses to such microaggressions (87/147; 59.2%). However, there were reports of having a perpetrator of a microaggression (2/147; 1.4%), a nonsilent witness (3/147; 2.0%), or having no target, witness, or perpetrator (3/147; 2.0%). Of the quality of microaggressions, the most common impacts were when the targeted individual attempted to hide their emotions to not appear too emotional (described in the literature as "leaving gender at the door") (32/147; 21.8%), were told that women no longer experience discrimination (25/147; 17.0%), and were asked when one would have children (24/147; 16.3%). The most stressful types of microaggressions were ones in which male peers were the only ones receiving recognition for work (55/147; 37.4%), targets were told women no longer experience discrimination (49/147; 33.3%), and in which men spoke about women in degrading terms regarding their gender or on topics related to their gender (35/147; 23.8%). Qualitative responses to the survey included comments remarking on the relevancy and prevalence of gender-based microaggressions, reasons for silence, the personal and professional impacts (e.g., pay equity) of microaggressions and gender bias, and future areas of work to address bias in medicine.Conclusions: Given the prevalence of microaggressions seen in surgery, especially among vascular surgeons, future steps include discussion of how techniques can be developed and applied to other types of microaggressions (e.g. , due to race/ethnicity, sexuality, disability, religion), implementation of future workshops that address intersectionality in scenarios and potentially virtual sessions to increase accessibility to these types of training options for learners at other institutions.