Framework for Engineering of Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride by Focused Ion Beams

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is gaining interest as a wide bandgap van der Waals host of optically active spin defects for quantum technologies. Most studies of the spin-photon interface in hBN focus on the negatively charged boron vacancy (VB-) defect, which is typically fabricated by ion irradiation. However, the applicability and wide deployment of VB- defects is limited by VB- fabrication methods which lack robustness and reproducibility, particularly when applied to thin flakes (less than or similar to 10 nm) of hBN. Here, two key factors are elucidated that underpin the formation and quenching of VB- centers by ion irradiation-density of defects generated in the hBN lattice and recoil-implantation of foreign atoms into hBN. Critically, it is shown that the latter is extremely efficient at inhibiting the generation of optically-active VB- centers. This is significant because foreign atoms such as carbon are commonplace on both the top and bottom surfaces of hBN during ion irradiation, in the form of hydrocarbon contaminants, polymer residues from hBN transfer methods, protective capping layers and substrates. Recoil implantation must be accounted for when selecting ion beam parameters such as ion mass, energy, fluence, incidence angle, and sputter/span yield, which are discussed in the context of a framework for VB- generation by high-resolution focused ion beam (FIB) systems. Factors affecting the generation of negatively charged boron vacancy defects (VB-) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) via keV ion irradiation are investigated, including the density of defects and recoil implantation. A framework on ion mass, energy, fluence, incidence angle, and sputter yield is created to optimize the VB- photoluminescence emission. image