Sleep counts! Role and impact of sleep in the multimodal management of multiple sclerosis

Background In the last years, research on pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacological approaches to Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has significantly increased, along with a greater attention to sleep as a clinical outcome measure. This review aims to update the state of the art on the effects of MS treatments on sleep, but above all to evaluate the role of sleep and its management within the current and future therapeutic perspectives for MS patients. Method A comprehensive MEDLINE (PubMed)-based bibliographic search was conducted. This review includes the 34 papers that met the selection criteria. Results First-line disease modifying therapies (especially the interferon-beta) seem to have a negative impact on sleep, assessed subjectively or objectively, while second-line treatments (in particular, natalizumab) do not seem to lead to the onset of daytime sleepiness (also evaluated objectively) and, in some cases, an improvement in sleep quality has been observed as well. Management of sleep is considered a major factor in modifying disease progression in pediatric MS; however, probably because only fingolimod has recently been approved in children, information is still scarce in this group of patients. Conclusions Studies on the effect of drugs and non-pharmacological treatments for MS on sleep are still insufficient and there is a lack of investigations on the most recent therapies. However, there is preliminary evidence that melatonin, chronotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques might be further assessed as adjuvant therapies, thus representing a promising field of research.