The vitamin B3 analogue nicotinamide riboside has only very minor effects on reducing muscle damage in mdx mice

BACKGROUND: Vitamin B3 analogue nicotinamide riboside (NR) has been suggested to have beneficial effects on muscle pathology in a mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). In muscle dystrophy, NR is thought to act acts by increasing levels of NAD+, to improve mitochondrial functioning and reduce muscle pathology. OBJECTIVE: We here aimed to validate the effects of NR to improve muscle quality after eight weeks of treatment in two different mouse models for DMD: the commonly used mdx mouse on a C57BL/10 background (BL10mdx) and the more severely affected mdx mouse on a DBA/2J background (D2-mdx). METHODS: To study in more detail whether NR treatment had an impact on muscle pathology, we assessed the expression levels of several markers for DMD pathology (fibrosis, regeneration and inflammation) in diaphragm. RESULTS: Our data showed a trend for increase in NAD+-levels in blood; only in the D2-mdx NR-treated mice the NAD+-levels were slightly increased. These markers were elevated in mdx models compared to controls, but not affected by the NR treatment. Histological analysis of muscle tissues indicated a mild treatment effect in D2-mdx mice. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, testing NR treatment in clinical trials in DMD patients is not warranted. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.