Vaccine Targeting Alpha 1D-Adrenergic Receptor Improved Metabolic Syndrome in Mice

Purpose Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex chronic disease that includes obesity and hypertension, with rising evidence demonstrating that sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation plays a key role. Our team designed a therapeutic vaccine called ADRQβ-004 targeting the α1D-adrenergic receptor (α1D-AR). This study was performed to investigate whether the ADRQβ-004 vaccine improves MetS by modulating SNS activity. Methods C57BL/6N mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and N ω -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) combination diet for 18 weeks to elicit MetS. The MetS mice were subcutaneously immunized with the ADRQβ-004 vaccine four times to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy in obesity and hypertension and other associated abnormalities related to MetS by conducting echocardiographic, histological, and biochemical analyses. Results The ADRQβ-004 vaccine induced strong antibody production and maintained a high anti-ADR-004 antibody titer in MetS mice. The ADRQβ-004 vaccine improved obesity ( P < 0.001) and decreased systolic blood pressure ( P < 0.001). Improvements in dysregulated glucose homeostasis and dyslipidemia resulting from the ADRQβ-004 vaccine were also confirmed. Furthermore, the ADRQβ-004 vaccine attenuated cardiovascular functional ( P = 0.015) and structural changes ( P < 0.001), decreased fat accumulation ( P = 0.012) and inflammation ( P = 0.050) in the epididymal white adipose tissue, and alleviated hepatic steatosis ( P = 0.043) involved in MetS. Moreover, the ADRQβ-004 vaccine improved systematic and visceral organs SNS activities in the MetS. Conclusion This study demonstrated for the first time that the ADRQβ-004 vaccine targeting α1D-AR improved obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and dysglycemia, and further reduced end-organ damage, which may provide new motivation for MetS research.