Ketamine-induced hippocampal functional connectivity alterations associated with clinical remission in major depression.

OBJECTIVE:Hippocampal functional connectivity (FC) alterations, which may happen following ketamine treatment, play a key role in major depression remission. This study aims to investigate the resting-state FC changes of the hippocampus associated with clinical remission after repeated ketamine infusions. METHODS:Forty-four major depressive patients received six intravenous ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) infusions in 12 days. The FC change of the hippocampus subregions following ketamine treatment was compared between remitters (MADRS score ≤ 10 post-treatment) and nonremitters. We also investigated whether baseline hippocampus FC predicted the antidepressant efficiency of ketamine using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve analyses. RESULTS:Thirty-nine patients were included in the analysis. There were significant differences in change of left rostral hippocampus FC with the right angular gyrus (the key node of the default mode network, DMN), left inferior parietal cortex and the right superior parietal cortex (parts of the dorsal attention network, dAN) between remitters and nonremitters following ketamine treatment. Specifically, while the remitters showed significantly less negative hippocampus FC than the nonremitters at baseline, the FC significantly decreased in remitters but increased in nonremitters after ketamine injections. Moreover, baseline hippocampus FC with the above three regions predicted the antidepressant effect of ketamine, with the highest predictive strength identified in the hippocampus-right angular gyrus FC (Area-Under-Curve = 0.8179, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:Ketamine treat depression by modulating the left rostral hippocampus resting-state FC with the DMN and dAN. The FC between the hippocampus and parts of the DMN and dAN may show promising potential in predicting remission after ketamine treatment in MDD.