Blockchain for IoT-Based Healthcare using secure and privacy-preserving watermark

Patient medical data is the key data of an e-health application. Medical data frequently play an important role in disease analysis and are implicated in motivating values for educating diagnostic methods and modifying diagnostic results. Confidentiality of patient health documents is more important, and therefore researchers have considered many security measures, including access control, confidentiality, and integrity of these documents. To solve the security problem, this paper presents an advanced solution based on converting medical data into compact size, in the form of QR code before being deployed on our Blockchain. In this way, performing complex operations will be safely performed off-chain, such as collecting and preprocessing patient data, while submission of this data is done on an hourly basis. Chain. We recommend a data flow architecture that combines the Internet of Things (IoT) with blockchain (especially the Ethereum architecture), using smart contracts to access and store data while keeping Strong against many attacks. Our proposed system is effective in sharing and managing patient electronic health data. The tests involved implementing Ethereum chain configurations on PCs and two embedded IoT platforms, namely Raspberry Pi and PYNQ cards. Performance is evaluated in terms of security, execution time, memory, power and CPU consumption of various patient data scenarios.