Role of the Nottingham effect in heat transfer in the extreme near-field regime

We analyze the heat transfer between two metals separated by a vacuum gap in the extreme near-field regime. In this crossover regime between conduction and radiation, heat exchanges are mediated by photon, phonon, and electron tunneling. We quantify the relative contribution of these carriers with respect to both the separation distance between the two bodies and the applied bias voltage. In the presence of a weak bias (Vb < 100 mV), electrons and phonons can contribute equally to the heat transfer near contact, while the contribution of photons becomes negligible. On the other hand, for larger bias voltages, electrons play a dominant role. Moreover, we demonstrate that depending on the magnitude of this bias, electrons can either cool down or heat up the hot body by the Nottingham effect. Our results emphasize some inconsistencies in recent experimental results about heat exchanges in the extreme near-field regime and set a road map for future experiments.