The unique structure and replication mode of the replication system of Klebsiella pneumoniae plasmid pIGMS31

Due to their relatively small size and the lack of housekeeping genes, bacterial plasmids are very convenient models for studying DNA replication. So, for a long time, they had been intensively studied in this regard. Unfortunately, only a limited number of model plasmid replication systems were analyzed in detail. In the era of high-throughput DNA sequencing, we are faced with an increasing gap in our knowledge of bacterial plasmid replication and a rapidly growing number of deposited new plasmid genome sequences. For this reason, we decided to investigate the replication system of the pIGMS31 plasmid, a representative of the newly described pHW126-like plasmids family. They are small replicons isolated from different clinical and environmental strains of Gamma proteobacteria. Whole shares unique replication modules with no significant similarities to known model plasmid replication systems. In this study, we identified and characterized the basic elements of the pIGMS31 replication module. Studies on regulatory mechanisms of replication initiation of this plasmid as well as on pIGMS31 replication mode were also performed. We revealed that the pIGMS31 replication module is composed of elements typical for both theta and rolling circle replicons. This mosaic structure is reflected in the unique course of replication of this plasmid, with both modes of replication. What is more, our results led us to conclude that pHW126-like plasmids, despite DNA sequence similarity, are a highly diverse group of replicons. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.