Biological Control of Oomycete Soilborne Diseases Caused by Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora infestans , and Phytophthora nicotianae in Solanaceous Crops.

Oomycete pathogens that belong to the genus cause devastating diseases in solanaceous crops such as pepper, potato, and tobacco, resulting in crop production losses worldwide. Although the application of fungicides efficiently controls these diseases, it has been shown to trigger negative side effects such as environmental pollution, phytotoxicity, and fungicide resistance in plant pathogens. Therefore, biological control of -induced diseases was proposed as an environmentally sound alternative to conventional chemical control. In this review, progress on biological control of the soilborne oomycete plant pathogens, , and , infecting pepper, potato, and tobacco is described. Bacterial (e.g., and ) and fungal (e.g., and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) agents, and yeasts (e.g., , , and ) have been reported as successful biocontrol agents of pathogens. These microorganisms antagonize spp. antimicrobial compounds with inhibitory activities against mycelial growth, sporulation, and zoospore germination. They also trigger plant immunity-inducing systemic resistance several pathways, resulting in enhanced defense responses in their hosts. Along with plant protection, some of the microorganisms promote plant growth, thereby enhancing their beneficial relations with host plants. Although the beneficial effects of the biocontrol microorganisms are acceptable, single applications of antagonistic microorganisms tend to lack consistent efficacy compared with chemical analogues. Therefore, strategies to improve the biocontrol performance of these prominent antagonists are also discussed in this review.