Lessons from the Chinese imperial examination system

In this paper, we set out to explore the world’s first major standardised examination system. In the field of language testing and assessment, works such as measured words (Spolsky, 1995 ), measured constructs (Weir, Vidakovic & Galaczi, 2013 ), and Cambridge English exams — the first hundred years (Hawkey & Milanovic, 2013 ) all point to the fact that contemporary tests reflect many years of accumulated knowledge and practice. Perhaps more importantly, they also remind us of the social and educational impact of the tests we develop. With this in mind, we explore the very first example of a standardised examination system — the Chinese imperial examination system (the Kējǔ — in Chinese Hanyu Pinyin 科举).