Reynolds Stress Modeling of Supercritical Narrow Channel Flows using OpenFOAM: Secondary Currents and Turbulent Flow Characteristics

In this study, the full Launder, Reece and Rodi pressure-strain model and nonlinear boundary damping functions were incorporated in OpenFOAM® to simulate the turbulence-driven secondary currents in supercritical narrow channel flows such as in sediment bypass tunnels (SBTs). Five simulations were performed under uniform flow conditions covering Froude numbers from 1.69 - 2.56 and aspect ratios (channel width to flow depth) ar from 0.9 - 1.91 to investigate the formation of secondary currents and their impacts on longitudinal velocity, turbulence characteristics, and bed shear stress distribution. The numerical results of the maximum longitudinal velocity and the average shear velocity show marginal deviations, of less than 2.6%, from two-dimensional experimental results acquired under decelerating flow conditions. However, some differences are observed for the secondary currents and for the vertical turbulence intensity and Reynolds shear stress in the outer flow region, especially for cases with higher flow nonuniformity (that can influence the surface perturbation) whose influence is missing in the numerical model. No intermediate vortex is observed for ar = 1.91. However, it develops for lower ar, and detaches from the free surface vortex when ar {less than or equal to} 1.05. Such vortex bulges the longitudinal velocity contour lines inward and the zone of higher longitudinal velocity narrows and deepens with a decrease in ar. The decrement reduces the magnitude of the normalized maximum secondary velocity. It also affects the bottom vortex which alters the bed shear stress distribution.