Emergence of highly coherent quantum subsystems of a noisy and dense spin system
arxiv(2022)
摘要
Quantum sensors and qubits are usually two-level systems (TLS), the quantum
analogs of classical bits which assume binary values '0' or '1'. They are
useful to the extent to which they can persist in quantum superpositions of '0'
and '1' in real environments. However, such TLS are never alone in real
materials and devices, and couplings to other degrees of freedom limit the
lifetimes - called decoherence times - of the superposition states. Decoherence
occurs via two major routes - excitation hopping and fluctuating
electromagnetic fields. Common mitigation strategies are based on material
improvements, exploitation of clock states which couple only to second rather
than first order to external perturbations, and reduction of interactions via
extreme dilution of pure materials made from isotopes selected to minimize
noise from nuclear spins. We demonstrate that for a dense TLS network in a
noisy nuclear spin bath, we can take advantage of interactions to pass from
hopping to fluctuation dominance, increasing decoherence times by almost three
orders of magnitude. In the dilute rare-earth insulator LiY1-xTbxF4, Tb ions
realize TLS characterized by a 30GHz splitting and readily implemented clock
states. Dipolar interactions lead to coherent, localized pairs of Tb ions, that
decohere due to fluctuating quantum mechanical ring-exchange interaction,
sensing the slow dynamics of the surrounding, nearly localized Tb spins. The
hopping and fluctuation regimes are sharply distinguished by their Rabi
oscillations and the invisible vs. strong effect of classic 'error correcting'
microwave pulse sequences. Laying open the decoherence mechanisms at play in a
dense, disordered and noisy network of interacting TLS, our work expands the
search space for quantum sensors and qubits to include clusters in dense,
disordered materials, that can be explored for localization effects.
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关键词
coherent quantum subsystems,spin,emergence
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