Graphene Chemeo‐Phononics for Biosensor Applications: An Interfacial Raman Transducer

Leveraging the phononic sensitivity and scalability of nano-biointerfaces has accelerated the growth of unique and versatile biosensors. Graphene has the properties of a near-ideal signal transducer, due to the strong coupling between its interfacial and phononic properties. This enables sensitive yet quick detection of surface interactions on graphene via Raman spectral analysis. The Raman-active vibrational bands of graphene are demonstrated to be sensitive to structural, electrical, and interfacial modifications. This sensitivity is attributed to graphene's electron-phonon coupling and high quantum capacitance. The fundamental understanding of graphene phonons is crucial for developing reliable platforms for disease and infectious agent detection. This review provides a mechanistic explanation of these phenomena at the interface between graphene and various biosystems (including cancerous, bacterial, viral, and biophysical specimens) to set the foundation for next-generation chemeo-phononic medical devices.