Carrier free nanomedicine to reverse anti-apoptosis and elevate endoplasmic reticulum stress for enhanced photodynamic therapy

As a first studied and generally accepted programmed cell death regulator, Bcl-2 has been identified to overexpress in many types of cancer promoting tumor proliferation and progression. Herein, inspired by drug self-delivery systems, a self-assembled nanomedicine (designated as GosCe) was designed based on the hydrophobic interaction between chlorin e6 (Ce6) and gossypol (Gos). Without extra carriers, GosCe exhibited high drug loading rates, favorable size distribution, and a long-term stability at aque-ous phase. More importantly, GosCe could be internalized by tumor cells more effectively than free Ce6, which brought about its multiple toxicity. Upon intravenous injection, GosCe preferred to accumulate in tumor site through enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. After cellular internalization, Gos contributed to increasing the lethality of Ce6-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) by down-regulating Bcl-2 protein expression and inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Both in vitro and in vivo in-vestigations indicated that the Gos-assisted PDT greatly inhibit cell proliferation and tumor growth. This study might shed light on developing carrier free nanomedicine for PDT-based synergistic tumor therapy.Statement of SignificanceMetabolic abnormalities of tumor cells create defensive microenvironments which induce a therapeutic resistance against photodynamic therapy (PDT). Among which, the upregulated B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) in tumors could inhibit the PDT-induced cell apoptosis. In this work, a self-delivery nanomedicine (GosCe) was developed based on a Bcl-2 inhibitor and photosensitizer through intermolecular interac-tions, which had favorable size distribution, high drug contents and improved drug delivery efficiency. Importantly, GosCe increased the PDT efficacy by Bcl-2 inhibition and endoplasmic reticulum stress ele-vation. Thus, GosCe greatly inhibited the tumor growth while caused a reduced side effect in vivo . This carrier free nanomedicine with tumor microenvironment regulation would advance the development of photodynamic nanoplatform in tumor treatment.(c) 2022 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.