A forearc pull-apart basin under oblique arc-continent collision: Insights from the North Luzon Trough

The North Luzon Trough, on the East Asian continental margin, is under transpression due to the oblique convergence between the Eurasian and Philippine Sea plates. Based on a seismic profile across the Manila subduction system and other geological data, we propose a strike-slip pull-apart basin model to account for the formation of the North Luzon Forearc Basin. The subduction system experienced four tectonic evolutionary stages: (1) initial subduction (~22–20 Ma): the Eurasian Plate began to subduct beneath the Philippine Sea Plate, and the incipient Manila Trench-North Luzon Volcanic Arc system started to form; (2) upper crustal deformation (~20–15 Ma): the overriding Philippine Sea Plate was strongly deformed by continuous subduction, and thrust faults, volcanic activity, and possibly strike-slip faulting weakened the forearc areas; (3) initiation of strike-slip faults (~15–6 Ma): continuous rotation of the Philippine Sea Plate initiated strike-slip faults in the weak zones of the forearc areas; (4) pull-apart basin formation (~6–0 Ma): the pull-apart basin formed in the forearc due to sinistral movement of two sets of strike-slip faults. We propose an indentation-escape process involving coupling between the sinistral strike-slip faults in the Taiwan-Luzon area and dextral strike-slip faults in the East Asia continental margin, for the evolution of the eastern South China Sea Basin margin.