The Right Treatment Strategy for the Right Patient: A Biomarker-Driven Approach to Neoadjuvant vs. Surgery-First Management of Resectable and Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer

Simple Summary Routine neoadjuvant therapy for resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer is gaining popularity, but its true oncological benefit remains disputed. Whilst the genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity of pancreatic cancer is becoming increasingly appreciated, there is currently no method to determine whether certain patients will benefit from a neoadjuvant approach and whether others will benefit from a surgery-first approach. In this study, a previously validated prognostic triple biomarker panel is shown to predict genetic subtypes and clinical phenotypes of pancreatic cancer and also the optimal treatment strategy (neoadjuvant vs. surgery-first) for patients with resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. The genomic heterogeneity of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is becoming increasingly appreciated. We aimed to evaluate the ability of a triple biomarker panel (S100A4, Ca-125, and mesothelin) to predict: (i) genetic PDAC subtypes; (ii) clinical phenotypes; and (iii) the optimal treatment strategy (neoadjuvant vs. surgery-first) in resectable and borderline resectable PDAC. Patients who underwent resection for resectable and borderline resectable PDAC were included from one single-institutional cohort and one multi-institutional cohort from the Australian Pancreatic Genome Initiative (APGI). Tumors were immunohistochemically evaluated for S100A4, Ca-125, and mesothelin, and a subset from the APGI cohort underwent RNA sequencing. This study included 252 and 226 patients from the single institution and the APGI cohorts, respectively. Triple-negative biomarker status correlated with non-squamous PDAC genotypes (p = 0.020), lower rates of distant recurrence (p = 0.002), and longer median overall survival (mOS) with the surgery-first approach compared with neoadjuvant treatment (33.3 vs. 22.2 mths, p = 0.038) in resectable PDAC. In contrast, the triple-positive disease was associated with longer mOS with neoadjuvant treatment compared with the surgery-first approach (29.5 vs. 13.7 mths, p = 0.021) in resectable and borderline resectable PDAC. In conclusion, the triple biomarker panel predicts genetic PDAC subtypes, clinical phenotypes, and optimal treatment strategies in resectable and borderline resectable PDAC.