Chicken Muscle Protein-Derived Peptide VVHPKESF Reduces TNF alpha-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress by Suppressing TNFR1 Signaling in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells

Scope This study aims to investigate the protective effects of four chicken muscle-derived peptides Val-Arg-Pro (VRP), Leu-Lys-Tyr (LKY), Val-Arg-Tyr (VRY), and Val-Val-His-Pro-Lys-Glu-Ser-Phe [VVHPKESF (V-F)] on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha)-induced endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress in human vascular endothelial EA.hy926 cells. Methods and results Inflammation and oxidative stress are induced in EA.hy926 cells by TNF alpha (10 ng mL(-1)) treatment for different periods of time. Inflammatory proteins and signaling molecules including inducible nitric oxide synthase, intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and TNF alpha receptor 1 (TNFR1) are measured by qRT-PCR or western blotting; soluble TNFR1 level and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH) oxidase activity are determined by Elisa kits; superoxide is measured by dihydroethidium staining. Only V-F treatment inhibits the expression of VCAM-1 and COX2, via suppressing NF-kappa B and p38 MAPK signaling, respectively, while reduced oxidative stress via the inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity; V-F treatment attenuates both gene and protein expressions of TNFR1. Conclusion V-F treatment ameliorates TNF alpha-induced endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress likely via the inhibition of TNFR1 signaling, suggesting its potential as a functional food ingredient or nutraceutical in the prevention and treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.