Applications of Lignin over line Derived Porous Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Lignin is a renewable resource with the advantages of low cost, high carbon content, high aromaticity and easy collection. Lignin is regarded as one of the most important raw carbonaceous materials for industry to prepare new porous carbon materials in a large scale. It is of great strategic significance to alleviate the consumption of fossil fuel resources and deepen the sustainable development. Porous carbon materials have an extraordinary application prospect in the fields of energy storage materials, because of their high conductivity, high specific surface area, abundant porosity, excellent stability, etc. In this review, the latest research advances and developments for the preparation of lignin over line derived porous carbon materials ( LPCM) by template, activation and hydrothermal methods are reviewed pivotally. Meanwhile, the influences of pyrolysis parameters on the micro over line structure of LPCM are summarized in detail. Furthermore, the applications of LPCM as the electrode materials for lithium over line ion batteries, sodium over line ion batteries and supercapacitors are illustrated emphatically. However, there exist some bottlenecks that the preparation processes of LPCM are complicated and their energy storage performances are relatively poor. Thus, the optimization of ion/electron diffusion kinetics, the synergistic effect of multiple energy storage mechanisms and the development of the green and facile preparation processes are proposed to conquer these challenges. The development of advanced carbonization techniques to construct the reasonable hierarchical porous structure, precise regulating the suitable interlayer spacing and the highly ordered arrangement of carbon layers, functionally modifying surface microenvironment, and the direct establishment of the relationship between carbonization parameters and electrochemical performance are the research directions to prepare LPCM with the high energy storage performances in the future.