Climatology and Seasonal Variations of Temperatures and Gravity Wave Activities in the Mesopause Region Above Ft. Collins, CO (40.6 degrees N, 105.1 degrees W)

Utilizing 956 nights of Na lidar nocturnal mesopause region temperature profiles acquired at Fort Collins, CO (40.6 degrees N, 105.1 degrees W) over a 20-year period (March 1990-2010), we deduce background nightly mean temperature T over bar (z) (T) over bar (z) and the square of the buoyancy frequency N-2(z) at 2-km resolution between 83 and 105 km. The temperature climatology reveals the two-level mesopause structure with clarity and sharp mesopause transitions, resulting in 102 days of summer from Days 121 to 222 of the year. The same data set analyzed at 10-min and 1-km resolution gives the gravity wave (GW) temperature perturbations T-i'(z) and the wave variance Var(T'(z)) and GW potential energy E-pm(z) between 85 and 100 km. Seasonal averages of GW Var(T'(z)) and E-pm(z) between 90 and 100 km, show that Var(T') for spring and autumn are comparable and lower than for summer and winter. Due mainly to the higher background stability, or larger N-2(z) in summer, E-pm(z) between 85 and 100 km is comparable in spring, summer, and autumn seasons, but similar to 30%-45% smaller than the winter values at the same altitude. The uncertainties are about 4% for winter and about 5% for the other three seasons. The values for E-pm are (156.0, 176.2, 145.6, and 186.2 J/kg) at 85 km for (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) respectively, (125.4, 120.2, 115.2, and 168.7 J/kg) at 93 km, and (207.5, 180.5, 213.1, and 278.6 J/kg) at 100 km. Going up in altitude, all profiles first decrease and then increase, suggesting that climatologically, GWs break below 85 km.